جدیدیت سے قبل قرون وسطی کے مغربی معاشرے میں کلیسیا کی خدمات کا تحقیقی جائزہ
A RESEARCH REVIEW OF CHURCH SERVICES IN MEDIEVAL WESTERN SOCIETY BEFORE ADVENT OF MODERNITY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10719241Keywords:
Modernity, west, church, Europe, Middel ages.Abstract
The Middle Ages was the era of Church dominance and power in Europe, in which the Church not only ruled on Europeans lonely but also performed wonderful educational, welfare, social and medical services. However, after the advent of modernity, the authors of European history were modernist and disgusted with religion, so these historians represented the Medieval era as a “dark age of Europe” and covered up these wonderful services of the church. A dispassionate study of history brings to light the lost corners of church services that the religionists have tried their best to hide, and have presented religion as a symbol for oppression and ignorance. The same ecclesiastical services in this research make it clear that medieval Europe is not a dark age but a bright chapter in the religious history of Christianity that ended with the defeat of the church by modernity.
References
Jr Thomas E. Woods, How the Catholic Chuch Built Western Civilization (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 2005), 9.
Will Durant, Caesar and Christ (New York: MJF Books, 1950), 79.
Elizabeth A. R Brown, “The Tyranny of a Construct: Feudalism and Historians of Medieval Europe,” The American Historical Review 79, no. 4 (1974): 1063–1088.
“Medieval Clergy,” Medieval Chronicles, accessed July 6, 2023,
https://www.medievalchronicles.com/medieval-people/medieval-clergy/.
Jacob Burckhardt, The Age of Constantine The Great, trans. Moses Hadas (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited, 1949), 310.
Matthew 25:34-35, The NIV Study Bible (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2000).
کتاب مقدس مطالعاتی اشاعت (لاہور: پاکستان بائبل سوسائٹی، ۲۰۱۲ء) ،متی۲۵: ۳۵-۳۶.
Jane F. Gardner, Women in Roman Law & Society (Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1991), 148.
Thomas B M. Leonard, Encyclopedia of the Developing World (Routledge, 2013), 1369.
چارلس اعظم کو شارلیمینی (Charlemagne) بھی کہا جاتا ہے۔ شارلیمینی ۲ اپریل ۷۴۷ء کو پیدا ہوا اور اس کی تاج پوشی ۲۵ دسمبر ۸۱۴ء کے دن ہوئی۔ ۲۸ جنوری ۸۱۴ء کو ۶۶ برس کی عمر میں اس کا انتقال ہوا۔
Pierre Riché, Daily Life in the World of Charlemagne (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988), 191.
Margaret Deanesly, A History of the Medieval Church 590-1500 (London and New York: Routledge, 2005), 30–31.
بائبل کا لاطینی زبان میں ترجمہ سینٹ جیروم نے کیا تھا۔
“Europe in the Middle Ages,” Encyclopedia of Britannica, n.d.,
https://www.britannica.com/topic/education/Europe-in-the-Middle-Ages.
Cartwright, Mark. "Medieval Monastery." World History Encyclopedia. Last modified December 14, 2018. https://www.worldhistory.org/Medieval_Monastery/.
Kenneth Neill Cameron, Humanity and Society: A World History (Monthly Review Press, 1973), 277.
کتاب مقدس مطالعاتی اشاعت ،متی۱۰: ۸.
James A. Weisheipl, ed., Albertus Magnus and the Sciences: Commemorative Essays, Studies and Texts, vol. 49 (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1980), 46,
Harry Vredeveld, “The Ages of Erasmus and the Year of His Birth,” Renaissance Quarterly 46, no. 4 (1993): 754.
Geoffrey. Blainey, A Short History of Christianity (Penguin Viking, 2011), 214–15.
Roy Porter, The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present (HarperCollins Publishers, 1997), 110–12.
James Joseph Walsh, “Hospitals,” Catholic Encyclopedia (Robert Appleton Company, 1910), https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07480a.htm.
Senfelder Leopold, “History of Medicine,” Catholic Encyclopedia (Robert Appleton Company, New York, 1911).
Porter, The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present, 110–12.
Fiona Maddocks, Hildegard of Bingen: The Woman of Her Age (New York: Doubleday, 2001), 155.
Porter, The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present, 112.
R Palmer, “The Church, Leprosy and Plague in Medieval and Early Modern Europe,” Studies in Church History 19 (1982): 81.
کتاب مقدس مطالعاتی اشاعت ،گنتی۵: ۲.
John Aberth, The Black Death: The Great Mortality of 1348-1350: A Brief History with Documents (New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2005), 107.
Rosemary Horrox, The Black Death (Manchester: Manchester Medieval Sources, 1994), 235.
کتاب مقدس مطالعاتی اشاعت ،خروج۲۲: ۲۵.
کتاب مقدس مطالعاتی اشاعت ،لوقا۶: ۳۴-۳۵.
“CHURCH FATHERS: First Council of Nicaea (A.D. 325),” accessed June 28, 2023,
https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3801.htm.
Conrad Henry Moehlman, “The Christianization of Interest,” Church History 3, no. 1 (1934): 6–7.
“Third Lateran Council – 1179 A.D. - Papal Encyclicals,” accessed June 28, 2023, https://www.papalencyclicals.net/Councils/ecum11.htm.
Cartwright, Mark. "The Daily Life of Medieval Monks." World History Encyclopedia. Last modified December 13, 2018. https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1293/the-daily-life-of-medieval-monks/.
“The Role of the Church and Monasteries - Developments in Patient Care – WJEC - GCSE History Revision - WJEC - BBC Bitesize,” accessed June 30, 2023, https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z27nqhv/revision/1.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2023 AL MISBAH RESEARCH JOURNAL
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
AL-MISBAH Research Journal is full open access and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License; and Published by: Research Institute of Culture & Ideology (REINCI), Islamabad, Pakistan. This allows the research community and the general public to gain unlimited, free and immediate access to scholarly articles, and to reuse the content freely provided that proper attribution is given to the original authors.
